(1)動詞不定式作主語時,謂語動詞常常用單數。例如:
To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利於我們的健康。
To sweep the floor is my duty every day. 每天打掃地板是我的責任。
(2)如果動詞不定式太長,常常用 it 作形式主語,而將真正的主語——動詞不定式後置。例如:
It took me half an hour to walk there.我走到那兒花了半小時的時間。
It’s important for us to learn English well.對我們來說,學好英語是重要的。
二、作賓語
(1)能夠接動詞不定式作賓語的有 ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等動詞,但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等動詞後麵通常隻能接動名詞作賓語。例如:
I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度訪問此地。
She enjoys reading very much.她非常喜歡讀書。
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
(2)動詞不定式與名等詞構成複合賓語時,通常要用 it 作形式賓語,而將真正的賓語——動詞不定式後置。例如:
I think it our duty to obey the laws. 我認為遵守法律是我們的義務。
I found it difficult to see him here. 我發現在這裏見到他是很難的。
三、作補足語
(1)某些動詞在主動式中後接動詞不定式作賓語補足語;在被動式中,由於原來的賓語變成了主語,故原來的賓語補足語變成了主語補足語。這類動詞常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish,invite等。例如:
They told him not to be late again.他們告訴他不要再遲到了。→He was told not to be late again.
She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday.昨天她請我一起進餐。
(2)在feel(一感),listen to,hear(二聽),let,make,have(三讓),look at,see,watch,notice(四看)等詞之後接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,強調動作的完成過程;它們作被動句的謂語時,to要補上。如:
I heard her sing today.She sang wonderfully.今天我聽見她唱歌了,她唱得非常精彩。
She was heard to sing today.今天有人聽見她唱歌了。
She is often heard to sing this song(by us).我們經常聽見她唱這首歌。
四、作狀語
⑴動詞不定式作狀語可表示目的、原因及結果等,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,因此動詞不定式作狀語往往用主動式。例如:
Come to see me again soon. 盡快再來看我。
I trembled to think of it. 我一想到那件事就不寒而栗。
You couldn't do that to save your life. 你即使為了救自己也不能那樣做。
(2) only to do sth. 與 only doing sth. 都可作表示結果的狀語,區別是:only to do sth. 表示一個與主語願望相反的或出乎主語意料的結果, 或用來暗示最初的未能實現的動作;only doing sth. 表示謂語動詞本身的動作造成的結果。例如:
I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,結果最後卻是失敗。
He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,隻留下一身債
五、作表語
(1)動詞不定式往往放在係動詞be(,become, sound, taste 等係動詞後麵一般不接不定式)的後麵作表語,表示將來的情況,說明主語的內容。例如:
My wish is to become a teacher.我的願望是當一名教師。
Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打掃操場。
(2)如果係動詞後的動詞說明主語的性質,特征,相當於形容詞。這時就要用現在分詞作表語,而不用不定式。例如:
He said that the story was interesting.他說這則故事很有趣。
六、作定語
(1)動詞不定式常常放在名詞或不定代詞後麵作後置定語,其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語,故動詞不定式作定語時往往用主動式;如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語,該動詞不定式要用被動式。例如:
Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什麼事要做嗎?
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 明天我要去上海。你有什麼東西要捎去的嗎?
(2)動詞不定式作定語往往表示尚未發生的動作,如果動作已發生或正在發生,一般用現在分詞作定語。例如:
I have no pen to write with.我沒有鋼筆寫字。
The man standing there is Li Ming. 站在那裏的那個人是李明。
七、和疑問詞連用:
不定式前可用what,who,which,where,when,how,why等疑問詞構成不定式短語,這種短語在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語等成分。
(1)作主語。例如:
When to start has not been decided. 什麼時候出發還沒定下來。
(2)作表語。例如:
The question is how to do the job well. 問題是怎樣做好這項工作。
(3)作賓語。例如:
He told me where to find the book. 他告訴我了在哪找到這本書的。
Do you know how to play football? 你知道怎樣踢足球嗎?
八、不定式的被動式
在初中階段還涉及到動詞不定式被動式的一般式,這種形式是由“to be+動詞過去分詞”構成的,表示“被……”之意。例如:
不定式是比較常用的一種,下麵筆者談一談初中學生如何學好動詞不定式。
一、首先要弄清楚它的基本形式即to+動詞原形。強調隻有後麵跟了動詞原形才可以叫不定式。如果後麵跟的不是動詞原形。例如:go to america,to是介詞。
二、其次要掌握它的功能。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞等特征,故在句中可以擔任六大成分----主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補語。
1.作主語。例如:
to learn english is not an easy thing.
注意,有時為了使保持句子平衡,可用it作形式主語。如上麵句子可寫成:
it isn't an easy thing to learn english.
2.作賓語。例如:
he wants to visit nanjing.
動詞stop, forget, remember, try, go on, need等動詞後既可接to do sth.也可跟doing sth.但意思完全不一樣。例如:
stop to do sth.停下原來的事去幹某事
stop doing sth.停止(正在)幹的事
after class the students stopped to have a rest.課後,同學們停下來去休息。
when the teacher came in,the students stopped talking.當老師進來時,同學們停止交談。
forget to do sth.忘記去幹某事
forget doing sth.忘記曾經做過某事
don't forget to tell him the news.別忘記告訴他這個消息。
i forgot telling him the news.我忘了已經告訴他這個消息了。
remember to do sth.記住要做某事。
remember doing sth.記得曾經做過某事。
please remember to turn off the lights.請記住關燈。
i remember turning off the lights.我記得關了燈。
go on to do sth.接著去做另一件事
go on doing sth繼續做原來的一件事
he went on to write after he finished reading.他讀完了又繼續寫。
he went on doing his homework all day.他整天都在做作業。
3.作表語(解釋主語的內容)。例如:
his wish is to become a doctor.
4.作定語(修飾前麵的名詞或代詞即n./pron.+to不定式往往用在there be 及have/has句型中)。例如:
mary has a lot of work to do.
5.作狀語可表示1目的。可加(in order)to 相當於so that/in order that引導的目的狀語從句。2結果。常用於too--to/enough to句型中,相當於so--that引導的結果狀語從句。3原因。例如:
he studies hard to go to college.(目的)(=he studies hard in order to go to college.=he studies hard so that he can go to college.)
he is too young to go to school.(結果)(=he is so young that he can't go to school.)he is old enough to join the army.(結果)(=he is so old that he can join the army.)
he came to see me yesterday.(目的)
i'm glad to see you.(原因)
6.作賓補,不定式作賓語補足語主要用在下列詞組中:
a類:ask/tell/want/order
sb.to do sth.
he asked me to help him with english.
b類:see/wathc/notice/feel/hear(感覺動詞) sb.do sth.
make/let/have(使讓動詞)
此類動詞不帶to,但在被動語態中原來省去to的要加上。例如:
do you often hear mary sing in her room?
(被動語態)is mary often heard to sing in her room?
the boss made the workers work 10 hours a day.
(被動語態)the workers were made to work 10 hours a day.
三、了解幾種特殊形式
不定式否定:即在to前加not。例如:
our teacher tells us not to talk in class.
不定式被動式:to be done。例如:
the room seemed to be cleaned
不定式進行式:to be doing。例如:
he pretended to be sleeping.
不定式完成式:to have done。例如:
he seemed to have done it.
不定式複合結構:即to前加fro sb.例如:
it is important for us to learn english.
疑問詞+to不定式可作主語、表語和賓語。
總之,當你掌握了不定式的含義,吃透了它的功能,了解了它的幾種特殊形式後,會感覺到不定式並不那麼難學了。